A histogram cannot be used to represent discrete frequency distributions.In order to deal with categories such as type of cars, we need to draw a bar graph. This cannot be done using a histogram since we can only draw numerical values on the X axis when drawing a histogram. Suppose you want to represent the sales of four different types of cars pictorially.The figure so obtained is called a frequency polygon. First draw the histogram of the given frequency distribution and then join the mid-points of the tops (upper horizontal sides) of the adjacent rectangles of the histogram by straight line graph. We can use a histogram in order to draw a frequency polygon.Pie charts on the other hand cannot have more than five or so “slices”/categories since too many slices look visually unappealing. An advantage of histogram over pie charts is that a histogram can represent a large number of bars representing different class intervals.The advantage of histogram over a bar chart is that both the width (base) and the length (height of the rectangle) are important and carry numerical information whereas bar diagram is one-dimensional diagram in which only length (height of the bar) matters while width is arbitrary.Histogram may be used for the graphic location of the value of Mode.Histograms are widely used in the corporate sector in marketing campaigns and project management for the purpose of data visualisation.A single glance at a histogram gives us some idea about the shape and spread of the data. It is one of the most popular and commonly used devices for charting continuous frequency distribution.In this article, we list out some of the merits and demerits/limitations of using histograms to represent data in statistics.
#Stem and leaf display vs histogram advantages over series
Billions of $ Human Space Flight Technology Mission Support Construct a pie chart for the data.Ħ Pie Chart Human Space Flight 5.7 143 Technology 5.9 149īillions of $ Degrees Human Space Flight 5.7 143 Technology 5.9 149 Mission Support 2.7 68 14.A histogram consists in erecting a series of adjacent vertical rectangles on the sections of the horizontal axis (X-axis), with bases (sections) equal to the width of the corresponding class intervals and heights, are so taken that the areas of the rectangles are equal to the frequencies of the corresponding classes.
Find the relative frequency for each category and multiply it by 360 degrees to find the central angle.
Pie charts help visualize the relative proportion of each category. Pie Chart Used to describe parts of a whole Central Angle for each segment NASA budget (billions of $) divided among 3 categories. 1st line digits 2nd line digitsĤ Dot Plot Phone 66 76 86 96 106 116 126 minutes Dot plots also allow you to retain original values.ĥ NASA budget (billions of $) divided among 3 categories. For this data set, the first line for the stem 6 can be blank because there are no data values from 60 to 64. All stems except possibly the first and last must have two lines even if one is blank. Key: 6 | 7 means 67 6 | 7 7 | 1 7 | 8 8 | 2 8 | 9 | 2 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 2 11 | 6 8 12 | 2 4 12 | 5 1st line digits 2nd line digits With two lines per stem the data is more finely “chopped”. The stem-and leaf has the advantage over a histogram of retaining the original values. A stem and leaf should not be used with data when values are very different such as 3, 34,900, 24 etc. 4Ģ Stem-and-Leaf Plot Key: 6 | 7 means 67 6 | 7 7 | 1 8 8 | 2 5 6 7 7Ħ | 7 7 | 1 8 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 2 6 8 12 | 2 4 5 Key: 6 | 7 means 67 Stress the importance of using a key to explain the plot. 2 8 3 To see complete display, go to next slide. The complete stem and leaf will be shown on the next slide. The data shown represent the first line of the ‘minutes on phone’ data used earlier. The stem consists of the digits to the left. The leaf is the rightmost significant digit. Stem Leaf 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 6 2 Divide each data value into a stem and a leaf. 1 Stem-and-Leaf Plot Lowest value is 67 and highest value is 125, so list stems from 6 to 12.
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